Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani Diplomske naloge

Aleš Vaupotič:
Hard Times Charlesa Dickensa in Mihail Bahtin

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Hard Times Charlesa Dickensa in Mihail Bahtin
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Besedilo se osredotoča na dve ključni temi: najprej na Bahtinovo filozofijo kot celoto, nato pa na Dickensov roman Trdi časi, ki ga interpretira s pomočjo Bahtinove filozofije. Interpretacija romana obenem vzvratno preverja interpretacijsko metodo, ki je uporabna tudi za razumevanje obsežnejših segmentov Dickensovega opusa (npr. poznih del), njegovega opusa nasploh, pa tudi večjih enot literarne zgodovine, kot je npr. realizem.

Naloga se začenja z uvodom v zgodovino raziskovanja Dickensa in Trdih časov, posebej s poudarkom na razpravah povezanih z Bahtinom - Rogerja Fowlerja, Jeana Jacquesa Weberja in Johna Frowa (ta interpretira roman Mala Dorritova). Kasneje se besedilo osredotoči na Bahtina. Metoda, ki smo jo uporabili, temelji na metafizičnih konceptih človeške zavesti kot družbenega diskurza (ali ideologije), kot jih je najti v Bahtin-Vološinovovi monografiji Marksizem in filozofija jezika. Besedilo pojasnjuje osrednji pojem dialoškosti in njegovo rabo v kmetalingvistikij. Poudarek je seveda na njegovi rabi v literarni vedi, posebej v povezavi z romanom. To vodi k vprašanjem polifoničnega romana - znane težave skuša naša naloga preseči s pomočjo zgodnjega pojma zunajbivanja (vnenahodimost), ki kot etično-hermenevtični princip (in obenem podlaga pojma dialoškosti) omogoča mišljenje polifoničnega romana kot odprtega projekta. Stališče odprtosti je nujno, da bi ohranili večjezičje v eni sami drugotni izjavi enega avtorja, kot je roman.

V analizi Trdih časov mo uvodoma črpali iz dekonstrukcije romana Stephena Connorja in analitičnih odlomkov razprave Meinharda Winkgensa Das Problem der kHistorischen Wahrheitj in dem Roman Hard Times von Charles Dickens, ki z metodološkega vidika sodi v estetiko učinkovanja. Pokazali smo različne glasove v romanu. Naše besedilo se je ognilo običajni eksplikaciji večjezičja na ravni enega stavka ali celo besede - to je najti še v Bahtinovem eseju Beseda v romanu na primeru Male Dorritove kot ilustracija koncepta dialoškosti v romanu -, ampak smo se osredotočili na trke med glasovi na ravni junakov ali pripovedovalcev. Analizo sestavljajo štirje deli: Sissyjini in Harthousovi pogledi na svet, protislovja znotraj Gradgrindovega jezika, »objektnost« podobe Stephena Blackpoola. Četrti del razkriva večjezičje v pripovedovalčevih glasovih. Sintezo analitičnega dela omogoča Bahtinov pojem grotesknega - realistična verzija romantične groteske - kot jo je najti v Uvodu k Ustvarjanju Françoisa Rabelaisa. Avtorjev glas, Dickensova intencija, kot jo implicira roman Trdi časi kot drugotna izjava, je glas ciničnega humorista. Je parazit, ki uporablja vse družbene registre, se vsem posmehuje, vendar pa obenem ne more ustvariti svoje subjektivnosti od znotraj, ne more avtonomno ustvariti lastnega jezika, ki bi obvladal večjezičje. Trdi časi so torej polifonija glasov, obsenčenih z avtorjevo cinično ironijo.

Charles Dickens' Hard Times and Mikhail Bakhtin
Abstract

The text has two essential focuses: firstly Bakhtin‘s philosophy as a whole and, secondly, we used the latter as a tool for interpretation of Dickens‘ novel Hard Times. In addition, the interpretation of this novel is verifying the interpretative method itself, which can help us understand larger segments of Dickens‘ works (for instance: the later works), his works in general, but also such segments of literary history as realism.

The paper begins with the introduction to the history of Dickens‘ studies, the works on Hard Times, especially those connected with Bakhtin - by Roger Fowler, Jean Jacques Weber and John Frow (the latter interprets the novel Little Dorrit). Later the text focuses on Bakhtin. The method we used is founded in metaphysical concepts of human consciousness as social discourse (or ideology) as they can be found in Bahtin-Voloshinov‘s Marxism and the Philosophy of Language. Our text explains the central notion of dialogism and its use in “metalinguistics”. The main stress is of course on its use in the study of literature, particularly the novel. This leads us to the question of polyphonic novel - our paper tries to overcome the well known difficulties through the early concept of exotopy (vnenahodimost), which as an ethical and hermeneutical principle (being also the real foundation of dialogism) enables us to think of the polyphonic novel as an opened project. This open position is necessary for the active heteroglossia in a single secondary utterance with one author, such as novel.

In the analysis of Hard Times we primarily used ideas found in Steven Connor‘s deconstruction of the novel and the analytical parts of Meinhard Winkgens‘ text Das Problem der »Historischen Wahrheit« in dem Roman Hard Times von Charles Dickens, which is methodologically reader response criticism. We showed different voices in the novel Hard Times. Our text avoids the usual explication of heteroglossia within one sentence or one single word - that did Bakhtin himself in his essay Discourse in the Novel with Little Dorrit in order to explain the phenomenon of dialogism in a novel - instead it focuses on collisions of different voices connected either with heroes or with narrators. There are four major parts of analysis: Sissy‘s concepts of reality and those of James Harthouse, the paradoxes within Gradgrinds language, the “objectness” of the image of Stephen Blackpool. The fourth part shows heteroglossia in the narrator‘s voice(s). The synthesis of my analysis is possible through Bakhtin‘s concept of grotesque - realist version of romantic grotesque - as it can be found in the Introduction to Rabelais and His World. The author‘s voice, Dickens‘ intention as it is implied in the novel Hard Times as a secondary utterance, is that of a cynical humorist. He is a parasite who uses all social registers, ridicules all of them, but can‘t generate his subject from within, can not autonomously create his individual discourse that could master the heteroglossia. Hard Times is therefore polyphony of voices that are overshadowed by author‘s cynical irony.

Stran je po predlogi Aleša Vaupotiča (spletna stran http://www.geocities.com/kino_log) postavil Primož Jakopin 14. decembra 2001. Nazadnje je bila spremenjena 16. oktobra 2002.

Naslov strani: http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/www/diplomske_naloge/vaupotic_ales_b/default.htm

Število obiskov po 14.12.2001